100 obat yang paling banyak diresepkan 2022

Pharmacy (Basel). 2018 Jun; 6(2): 43.

Abstract

Pharmacists have access to a plethora of information related to drugs. Online compendia concerning top 200 prescribed drugs are readily-accessible, comparatively-easy to search. While these resources provide some information about the commonly prescribed drugs, they lack in furnishing in-depth knowledge to pharmacy students, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals. The aim of this paper is to present the relevant details of top 200 most prescribed drugs in the United States. The names and therapeutic classes of top 200 prescribed drugs were compiled from online resources. The pharmacological actions of drugs, any reported adverse reactions and black box warnings are collected from drug bank resources, such as AccessPharmacy and Lexicomp. The paper provides comprehensive information about top 200 prescribed drugs, which includes generic names, pharmacological action, route of administration and adverse reaction profile including black box warning when applicable. Overall, the drug list may serve as an easy access of ideas for pharmacists, researchers and other healthcare professionals interested in developing new strategies for treating patients with various ailments.

Keywords: black box warning, oral administration, cardiovascular, central nervous system, endocrine, gastrointestinal, antibiotics, antihypertensive, inhalers, biologics, nasal, injection

1. Introduction

Over the past few decades, the health care needs of our population changed along with the role of pharmacists [1]. Historically, pharmacists’ role in healthcare was centered on dispensing medications and ensuring the accurate delivery of medications to patients. In addition to allocating medications and safeguarding patient safety, today pharmacists are an integral part of our health care team and also are considered the most accessible health care professionals [2]. This approachability enables them to perform their pharmacists’ patient care process (PPCP), such as collect, access, plan, implement and follow-up to monitor and evaluate the appropriateness and effectiveness of medications and obtain patient feedback [3]. Additionally, pharmacists advise other health professionals concerning medication therapy decisions, the composition of drugs, their physicochemical and biological properties. Pharmacists also ensure the drug purity, efficacy, their interactions and side effects [4].

As per the survey conducted by National Pharmacist Workforce in 2014, over a decade pharmacists providing medication therapy management increased from 13% to 60% and those performing immunizations incremented from 15% to 53% respectively [5,6].

To deliver excellent pharmacy services to patients, pharmacists need to have complete knowledge of commonly prescribed drugs [7,8]. In 2014, the total number of prescriptions dispensed were approximately 4.325 billion, out of which the top 200 most prescribed drugs accounted for approximately 2.87 billion [9,10]. The top 200 drugs represent 66.6% (2/3) of total prescriptions filled in the US. The topic on top 200 most prescribed drugs in the US has been previously compiled in number of resources [11,12]. They offer a short comprehensive review of this topic [13,14]. However, in order to maximize studying, these guide/books/chapters, it is critical that a student has a firm grasp on the complete knowledge of the most commonly used medications [15]. This includes generic drugs as wells as mechanism of action (MOA), side effects, first line therapy indication, black box warning, and most common routes of administration. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to summarize the most commonly prescribed medications in the US and provide pharmacists and pharmacy students a resource before undertaking the task of practicing and studying for North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX).

2. Materials and Methods

To accomplish the study objectives, this study was divided into two phases. Phase I consisted of gathering information on the drug names and therapeutic classes, which were compiled from the Clincalc.com. The Clinicalc.com website obtains its data annually from medical expenditure panel survey [MEPS] which is conducted by the US government [10]. Phase II entails collecting information on the drugs, their pharmacological actions, adverse reactions, and any possible black box warnings from resources, such as Clinical Drug Information from AccessPharmacy database on drug monographs and Lexicomp [16,17]. The prescribed drugs in the Figure 1a–d are numerically arranged based on the number of prescriptions filled and dispensed for each generic drug in the US. A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria was developed to select 200 commonly prescribed drugs. We included generic drugs obtained from the ClinCalc website, pharmacological actions and drug classes when applicable, most frequently used routes of administration, top two body systems affected by adverse drugs reactions, and the most advocated black box warming. Chemicals and biologics are included. The drugs not listed as top 200 drugs in the ClinCalc website were excluded. Additionally, if a drug is used in combination with another drug it is treated as a separate drug entity from the parent drug.

3. Hasil dan Pembahasan

200 obat teratas yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1A -D, dikembangkan menggunakan data yang diperoleh dari situs web Clincalc. Obat individu diwakili oleh nama generik, kelas obat (bila berlaku), aksi farmakologis, rute utama pemberian, reaksi obat yang merugikan dan peringatan kotak hitam apa pun yang berlaku [BB]. Daftar ini berisi banyak obat blockbuster dari 10 hingga 15 tahun terakhir, seperti atorvastatin, simvastatin, dll. Obat yang paling diresepkan berdasarkan sistem adalah kardiovaskular (49), sistem saraf pusat (42), endokrin (30) dan musculoskeletal (19) ). Mereka menyumbang sekitar 140 obat (70%) dari 200 obat teratas yang paling diresepkan. Pemanfaatan obat oleh sistem ditunjukkan pada Gambar 2.Figure 1a–d, were developed using the data obtained from Clincalc website. The individual drugs are represented by generic name, drug class (when applicable), pharmacological action, major route of administration, adverse drug reactions and any applicable black box warnings [BB]. The lists contain many blockbuster drugs of the last 10 to 15 years, such as atorvastatin, simvastatin, etc. The most prescribed drugs based on systems were cardiovascular (49), central nervous system (42), endocrine (30) and musculoskeletal (19). They accounted for approximately 140 drugs (70%) of top 200 most prescribed drugs. Drug utilization by systems is shown in Figure 2.

Daftar obat nomor yang ditentukan untuk setiap sistem.

3.1. Peringatan Blackbox

Sesuai peraturan FDA obat apa pun yang dapat menyebabkan reaksi yang merugikan dan yang dapat menyebabkan cedera serius atau mengakibatkan kematian harus diberi label oleh peringatan kotak hitam [18]. Jumlah obat dengan peringatan kotak hitam adalah 81 obat (40,5%) dari 200 obat yang paling diresepkan.

3.2. Bentuk dosis

Daftar ini juga menyoroti bentuk -bentuk dosis dari 200 obat teratas yang paling diresepkan, mereka adalah oral, PO (166), inhalasi, INH (7), intravena, iv (3), intramuskuler, im (2), injeksi, inj (7) , cairan, liq (4), subkutan, sq (4), ophthamologis, ophth (3), hidung, nas (1), topikal, atas (1), transdermal, tm (1) dan vagina, vag (1).

3.3. Biologis dan bahan kimia

Sesuai daftar, hanya 7 (3,5%) obat adalah biologis di antara 200 obat yang paling banyak diresepkan, istirahat adalah entitas kimia.

3.4. Opioid

Lima opioid yaitu, asetaminofen/hidrokodon, tramadol, oksikodon, hidrokodon, dan morfin adalah di antara 200 obat teratas yang paling diresepkan. Faktanya, aacetaminophen/hydrocodone adalah 1 dari 10 obat teratas yang paling diresepkan. Tramadol dan oxycodone terdaftar di antara 60 obat teratas yang paling diresepkan di AS.

3.5. Reaksi obat yang merugikan

Dalam 200 obat teratas ADR yang paling umum dan jangkauannya sesuai dengan sistem ditunjukkan pada Gambar 3.Figure 3.

Reaksi obat merugikan yang paling umum untuk 200 obat teratas berdasarkan sistem

4. Kesimpulan

Bahasa visual dari 200 obat teratas yang disajikan dalam makalah ini akan menumbuhkan pembelajaran jangka panjang dan memungkinkan siswa dan penduduk untuk lebih percaya diri dan kompeten sebelum menghadapi pasien yang sebenarnya. Juga akan memberikan referensi cepat tentang penggunaan terapeutik mereka, efek samping, bentuk dosis dan informasi peringatan kotak hitam 66% dari total obat yang ditentukan di AS. Selain itu, daftar obat akan berguna bagi apoteker, peneliti dan profesional kesehatan lainnya yang tertarik untuk mengembangkan strategi baru untuk merawat pasien dengan berbagai penyakit.

Ucapan Terima Kasih

Kami ingin mengakui Melissa Santibanez atas analisis kritisnya tentang naskah kami dan Larkin University College of Pharmacy untuk menyediakan akses ke database leksikomp dan fester akses.

Singkatan

Kontribusi Penulis

K.C.N.V. menyusun dan merancang proyek; A.V.F. dan M.D.P. melakukan pencarian literatur dan mengumpulkan informasi; A.V.F. dan K.C.N.V. menganalisis data; A.V.F. dan K.C.N.V. menulis makalahnya.

Konflik kepentingan

Penulis tidak menyatakan konflik kepentingan.

Referensi

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