10 negara teratas dengan perdagangan manusia terbanyak 2022

Departemen Luar Negeri AS mengidentifikasi negara -negara yang gagal melakukan minimum untuk menghentikan perdagangan manusia. Laporan Perdagangan Orang, yang dirilis setiap tahun, menempatkan 188 kabupaten ke dalam 4 kategori. Negara Tier 3, yang merupakan peringkat terendah, tercantum di bawah ini.

Terpaksa bekerja di pembuatan karpet, kiln bata, perbudakan rumah tangga, seks komersial, mengemis, budidaya poppy dan pemanenan, penambangan garam, penyelundupan narkoba transnasional, dan mengemudi truk - sebagian besar korban perdagangan orang Afghanistan adalah anak -anak. Beberapa keluarga memaksa anak -anak mereka melahirkan dengan kekerasan fisik. Beberapa bahkan secara sadar menjual anak -anak mereka ke dalam perdagangan seks, termasuk Bacha Bazi (anak laki -laki menari), sebuah istilah di beberapa bagian Afghanistan dan Pakistan untuk kebiasaan yang melibatkan pelecehan seksual anak oleh pria yang lebih tua dari remaja laki -laki atau laki -laki. Keluarga pemadam opium kadang-kadang menjual anak-anak mereka untuk menyelesaikan hutang dengan pedagang, dan beberapa orang tua yang kecanduan narkoba membuat anak-anak mereka melakukan perdagangan seks atau memaksa mereka untuk melahirkan, termasuk mengemis. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/afghanistan/

Perempuan dan perempuan yang tidak didampingi yang bepergian dengan anak -anak sangat rentan terhadap perdagangan seks dan pekerjaan rumah tangga paksa. Pengungsi dan pencari suaka juga rentan terhadap perdagangan manusia. Pedagang menggunakan janji -janji pekerjaan palsu, seperti di salon kecantikan atau restoran, untuk merekrut migran ke Aljazair di mana mereka akhirnya mengeksploitasi mereka dalam perdagangan seks atau kerja paksa. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/algeria/

Pedagang memaksa pria untuk bekerja dalam memancing, manufaktur, kehutanan, pertanian, dan konstruksi, dan mereka membuat perempuan dan gadis terutama melakukan perdagangan seks atau kerja paksa di manufaktur garmen dan layanan domestik. Ada laporan tentang laki-laki Burma yang mentransisikan Thailand dalam perjalanan ke Indonesia dan Malaysia di mana para pedagang tunduk pada tenaga kerja paksa, terutama dalam penangkapan ikan dan industri padat karya lainnya. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/burma/

Pedagang menggunakan Cina sebagai titik transit untuk membuat orang asing menjadi perdagangan manusia di negara -negara lain di seluruh Asia dan di industri maritim internasional. Sindikat kriminal yang terorganisir dengan baik dan geng-geng lokal membuat perempuan dan gadis-gadis Cina melakukan perdagangan seks. Para pedagang biasanya merekrut mereka dari daerah pedesaan dan membawanya ke pusat -pusat kota, menggunakan kombinasi penawaran pekerjaan penipuan dan paksaan dengan memaksakan biaya perjalanan yang besar, menyita paspor, membatasi korban, atau mengancam secara fisik dan finansial korban untuk memaksa keterlibatan mereka dalam seks komersial. Sistem registrasi rumah tangga nasional China (HUKOU) terus membatasi kebebasan penduduk pedesaan untuk secara hukum mengubah tempat tinggal mereka, menempatkan populasi migran internal Cina dengan risiko tinggi tenaga kerja paksa di kiln bata, tambang batubara, dan pabrik. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/china/hukou) continues to restrict rural inhabitants’ freedom to legally change their residence, placing China’s internal migrant population at high risk of forced labor in brick kilns, coal mines, and factories. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/china/

Traffickers mengeksploitasi wanita komoria dan wanita Malagasi yang transit komoro dalam kerja paksa di Timur Tengah. Pedagang mengeksploitasi orang dewasa dan anak -anak komoria dalam persalinan paksa di bidang pertanian, konstruksi, dan pekerjaan rumah tangga. Pedagang dan pengusaha subjek anak -anak, beberapa di antaranya ditinggalkan oleh orang tua yang pergi untuk mencari peluang ekonomi di negara lain, untuk kerja paksa, sebagian besar dalam pelayanan domestik, pinggir jalan dan penjual pasar, memanggang, memancing, dan pertanian. Keluarga pedesaan yang miskin sering mengirim anak-anak mereka untuk tinggal bersama kerabat atau kenalan yang lebih kaya di daerah perkotaan untuk akses ke sekolah dan manfaat sosial-ekonomi lainnya; Anak -anak ini rentan terhadap pelecehan fisik dan seksual dan kerja paksa dalam perbudakan rumah tangga. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/comoros/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/comoros/

Kekhawatiran perdagangan manusia di Kuba termasuk dalam dua kategori luas: perdagangan seks dan tenaga kerja paksa, dan program ekspor tenaga kerja yang disponsori pemerintah. Pedagang mengeksploitasi warga Kuba dalam perdagangan seks dan kerja paksa di Afrika, Asia, Karibia, Mediterania, Amerika Latin, dan Amerika Serikat. Pedagang mengeksploitasi warga negara asing dari Afrika dan Asia dalam perdagangan seks dan tenaga kerja paksa di Kuba untuk melunasi hutang perjalanan. Pemerintah mengidentifikasi anak -anak, wanita muda, orang tua, dan orang -orang cacat sebagai yang paling rentan terhadap perdagangan manusia. Kekhawatiran telah diajukan tentang populasi LGBTQI+ Kuba dan kerentanannya terhadap perdagangan seks. Pemerintah menggunakan beberapa siswa sekolah menengah di daerah pedesaan untuk memanen tanaman dan tidak membayar mereka untuk pekerjaan mereka tetapi mengklaim pekerjaan ini bersifat sukarela. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/cuba/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/cuba/

Ribuan orang Eritrea yang melarikan diri dari negara itu adalah migran yang diselundupkan yang ingin dipersatukan kembali dengan anggota keluarga yang sudah berada di luar negeri; adalah mereka yang berusaha menghindari pelanggaran hak asasi manusia, termasuk penangkapan dan penahanan sewenang -wenang, kurangnya proses hukum, dan penganiayaan agama; sedang mencari peluang ekonomi yang lebih baik; atau berharap untuk menghindari periode layanan yang sering tidak terbatas dalam layanan nasional wajib pemerintah. Semua orang berusia 18 hingga 40 tahun diharuskan untuk melakukan layanan nasional aktif wajib seolah -olah selama 18 bulan - enam bulan pelatihan militer diikuti oleh 12 bulan tugas dalam berbagai posisi militer, keamanan, atau layanan publik. Namun, sejak konflik perbatasan Eritrea-Ethiopia 1998-2000, batas 18 bulan telah ditangguhkan; Sebagian besar orang tidak didemobilisasi dari unit kerja pemerintah setelah periode pelayanan wajib mereka tetapi dipaksa untuk melayani tanpa batas waktu di bawah ancaman penahanan, penyiksaan, atau pembalasan keluarga. Sebuah organisasi internasional menilai bahwa banyak pencari suaka Eritrea, khususnya mereka yang meninggalkan layanan nasional ketika mereka melarikan diri, menyatakan kekhawatiran penganiayaan di Eritrea. Ada laporan yang belum dikonfirmasi bahwa orang yang kembali telah menghilang. Sebuah organisasi internasional yang dinilai pada tahun 2019 bahwa para pedagang mengeksploitasi Eritrea dalam kerja paksa dan perdagangan seks terutama di Sudan, Ethiopia, dan Libya. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/eritrea/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/eritrea/

Banyak anak laki-laki Bissau-Guinean menghadiri sekolah-sekolah Quran yang dipimpin oleh guru-guru Quran yang korup. Arab Quran adalah bentuk bahasa Arab di mana Quran (kitab suci Islam) ditulis. Beberapa guru Alquran yang eksploitatif memaksa atau memaksa siswa mereka, yang disebut Talibés (seorang anak laki -laki yang mempelajari Al -Quran), untuk mengemis dan tidak memberikan pendidikan, termasuk di beberapa sekolah di lingkungan AFIA Bissau. Para pedagang pada dasarnya adalah laki-laki dari daerah Bafata dan GABU-sering kali mantan Talibé atau pria yang mengaku bekerja untuk seorang guru Al-Quran-dan umumnya terkenal di dalam komunitas tempat mereka beroperasi. Guru Al-Quran yang korup semakin memaksa anak laki-laki Guinean, Gambia, dan Sierra Leonean untuk memohon di Bissau dan mengeksploitasi lembaga lemah Guinea-Bissau yang lemah dan perbatasan berpori untuk mengangkut sejumlah besar anak laki-laki Bissau-Guinean ke senegal-dan ke tingkat yang lebih rendah, Mali, guinea, dan The Gambia - untuk memohon paksa di Daaras eksploitatif. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/guinea-bissau/Quranic Arabic is the form of Arabic in which the Quran (the holy book of Islam) is written. Some exploitative Quranic teachers force or coerce their students, called talibés (a boy who studies the Quran), to beg and do not provide an education, including at some schools in Bissau’s Afia neighborhood. The traffickers are principally men from the Bafata and Gabu regions—often former talibés or men who claim to be working for a Quranic teacher—and are generally well-known within the communities in which they operate. Corrupt Quranic teachers increasingly force Guinean, Gambian, and Sierra Leonean boys to beg in Bissau and exploit Guinea-Bissau’s weak institutions and porous borders to transport large numbers of Bissau-Guinean boys to Senegal—and to a lesser extent Mali, Guinea, and The Gambia—for forced begging in exploitative daaras. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/guinea-bissau/

Perburasan ekonomi Iran yang berkelanjutan, serta degradasi lingkungan yang serius dan berkelanjutan di Iran, secara signifikan memperburuk masalah perdagangan manusia Iran, terutama untuk masyarakat yang rentan dan terpinggirkan seperti kelompok etnis minoritas, populasi pengungsi dan migran, dan perempuan dan anak -anak. Iran dan beberapa wanita dan anak perempuan asing, serta beberapa pria, sangat rentan terhadap perdagangan seks di Iran. Meskipun pelacuran ilegal di Iran, sebuah LSM lokal yang diperkirakan pada tahun 2017 bahwa pelacuran dan perdagangan seks bersifat endemik di seluruh negeri, dan melaporkan bahwa memperkirakan penyelundup seks mengeksploitasi anak -anak semuda 10 tahun. Pemerintah dilaporkan memaafkan dan, dalam beberapa kasus, secara langsung memfasilitasi eksploitasi seksual komersial dan perdagangan seks orang dewasa dan anak -anak di seluruh negeri; Polisi Iran, IRGC, Basij, ulama agama, dan orang tua korban diduga terlibat dalam atau menutup mata terhadap kejahatan perdagangan seks. Kemiskinan dan penurunan peluang ekonomi membuat beberapa wanita Iran dengan sukarela memasuki seks komersial; Trafficker kemudian memaksa atau memaksa para wanita ini untuk tetap dalam seks komersial. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/iran/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/iran/

Pengungsi, pencari suaka, dan individu tanpa kewarganegaraan yang tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan hukum di Malaysia rentan terhadap jenis kelamin dan perdagangan tenaga kerja. Pengusaha, agen ketenagakerjaan, dan sub-agen ilegal mengeksploitasi beberapa migran dalam perdagangan tenaga kerja terutama melalui paksaan berbasis utang ketika pekerja tidak dapat membayar biaya untuk perekrutan dan perjalanan terkait. Beberapa agen di negara-negara sumber tenaga kerja membebankan biaya berat pada pekerja sebelum mereka tiba di Malaysia, dan agen Malaysia memberikan biaya tambahan setelah kedatangan-dalam beberapa kasus yang mengarah ke tenaga kerja paksa melalui paksaan berbasis utang. Sindikat kejahatan terorganisir besar bertanggung jawab atas beberapa contoh perdagangan manusia. Pengusaha memanfaatkan praktik yang mengindikasikan tenaga kerja paksa, seperti pembatasan gerakan, melanggar kontrak, penipuan upah, penyerangan, ancaman deportasi, pengenaan hutang yang signifikan, dan retensi paspor - yang tersebar luas - untuk mengeksploitasi beberapa pekerja migran dalam perdagangan tenaga kerja pada minyak perkebunan palem dan pertanian; di lokasi konstruksi; dalam industri elektronik, pakaian, dan produk karet; dan di rumah sebagai pekerja rumah tangga. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/malaysia/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/malaysia/

Groups considered at heightened risk to human trafficking in Nicaragua include women, children, and migrants. Traffickers subject Nicaraguan women and children to sex trafficking within the country and in other Central American countries, Mexico, Spain, and the United States. Victims’ family members are often complicit in their exploitation. Traffickers increasingly use social media sites to recruit their victims, who are attracted by promises of high salaries outside of Nicaragua for work in restaurants, hotels, construction, and security. Traffickers also recruit their victims in rural areas or border regions with false promises of high paying jobs in urban centers and tourist locales, where they subject them to sex or labor trafficking. Nicaraguan women and children are subjected to sex and labor trafficking in the two Caribbean autonomous regions, where the lack of strong law enforcement institutions, rampant poverty, a higher crime rate, and recent devastation from hurricanes Eta and Iota increase the vulnerability of the local population. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/nicaragua/

As reported over the past five years, human traffickers—including government officials—exploit North Koreans in the DPRK and abroad. Within North Korea, women and children are exploited in sex trafficking. Female college students unable to pay fees charged to them by universities to meet demands set by the government were vulnerable to sex trafficking. Forced labor is part of an established system of political repression and a pillar of the economic system in North Korea. The government subjects its nationals to forced labor in North Korean prison and labor camps, through mass mobilizations, and in overseas work. The law criminalizes defection, and individuals, including children, who cross the border for the purpose of defecting or seeking asylum in a third country are subject to a minimum of five years of “labor correction.” In “serious” cases, the government subjects asylum seekers to indefinite terms of imprisonment and forced labor, confiscation of property, or death. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/north-korea/

Although labor trafficking remains the predominant form of human trafficking in Russia, sex trafficking also occurs. Traffickers exploit workers from Russia and other countries in Europe, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, China, and DPRK in forced labor in Russia. Instances of labor trafficking have been reported in the construction, manufacturing, logging, textile, transport, and maritime industries, as well as in sawmills, agriculture, sheep farms, grocery and retail stores, restaurants, waste sorting, street sweeping, domestic service, call centers, and begging. Labor traffickers also exploit victims in criminal activities such as drug trafficking, facilitation of illegal migration, and the production of counterfeit goods. According to an NGO, foreign nationals increasingly enter the country illegally with the help of criminal groups, which subsequently increases the migrants’ vulnerability to trafficking. There are reports of widespread forced labor in brick factories in the Dagestan region. Experts estimate there were approximately 10-12 million foreign workers in Russia prior to the start of the pandemic, only 2.5 million of whom were formally registered; the government reported that nearly half of all migrants left the country as a result of the pandemic. Many of these migrant workers experience exploitative labor conditions characteristic of trafficking cases, such as withholding of identity documents, non-payment for services rendered, physical abuse, lack of safety measures, or extremely poor living conditions. According to an international organization, children of migrant workers are vulnerable to forced labor in informal sectors. According to press reports, 2.3 million Ukrainians resided in Russia, including more than one million who escaped Russian aggression in Ukraine. International organizations estimate up to 40 percent of these migrants were working unofficially and vulnerable to both forced labor and sex trafficking; most identified victims of forced begging in recent years are Ukrainian. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/russia/

South Sudanese women and girls, particularly those from rural areas or who are internally displaced, are vulnerable to domestic servitude throughout the country. Male occupants of the household sexually abuse some of these women and girls while traffickers force others to engage in commercial sex acts. Prominent South Sudanese individuals in state capitals and rural areas sometimes force women and girls into domestic servitude. South Sudanese and foreign businesspeople exploit South Sudanese girls in sex trafficking in restaurants, hotels, and brothels in urban centers—at times with the involvement of corrupt law enforcement officials. South Sudanese individuals coerce some children to work in construction, market vending, shoe shining, car washing, rock breaking, brick making, delivery cart pulling, gold mining, begging, and cattle herding. South Sudanese and foreign business owners recruit men and women from neighboring countries—especially the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Republic of the Congo, and Uganda—as well as South Sudanese women and children, with fraudulent offers of employment opportunities in hotels, restaurants, and construction, and they force them to work for little or no pay or coerce them into commercial sex. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/south-sudan/

Despite the territorial defeat of ISIS at the beginning of 2019, it continued to force local Syrian girls and women in ISIS-controlled areas into marriages with its fighters, and it routinely subjected women and girls from minority groups into forced marriages, domestic servitude, systematic rape, sexual slavery, and other forms of sexual violence. Incidents of human trafficking increased, and trafficking victims were trapped in Syria in 2014 when ISIS consolidated its control of the eastern governorates of Raqqa and Deir al-Zour. ISIS publicly released guidelines on how to capture, forcibly hold, and sexually abuse female slaves. As reported by an international organization, ISIS militants’ system of organized sexual slavery and forced marriage is a central element of the terrorist group’s ideology and systemic means of oppression. ISIS subjected girls as young as nine years old, including Yezidi girls abducted from Iraq and brought to Syria, to sexual slavery and other forms of sexual violence. Although ISIS no longer maintains territory inside Syria at the end of 2020, according to an NGO, approximately 2,800 Yezidi women and girls remain missing; reports indicate some of these women and girls remained with ISIS in eastern Syria or were held in Al-Hol camp. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/syria/

State policies continue to perpetuate government-compelled forced labor; in 2016 and again in 2020, the ILO Committee of Experts noted the continued practice of forced labor in the cotton sector. To meet central government-imposed production quotas for the cotton harvest, local government officials require some soldiers, employees at private-sector institutions, and public sector workers—including teachers, doctors, nurses, and others—to pick cotton without payment, using coerced statements of voluntary participation, and under the threat of such penalties as dismissal, reduced work hours, or salary deductions. Local officials reportedly impose informal fees on public sector workers as a tactic to coerce them into picking cotton or otherwise profit from their inability or unwillingness to participate in the harvest. Some local authorities reportedly also threaten farmers with land expropriation if they attempt to register complaints about payment discrepancies or if they do not meet government-imposed quotas. Absent government measures to prevent, monitor, or address supply chain contamination, some goods containing cotton harvested through the use of forced labor may have entered international supply chains. In addition, the government compulsorily mobilizes students, teachers, doctors, and other civil servants for public works and community cleaning and beautification projects, such as the planting of trees and the cleaning of streets and public spaces in advance of presidential visits. Authorities have also forced public servants and students to serve in uncompensated support roles during government-sponsored events, such as the 2018 World Weightlifting Championship; similarly, financial hardships stemming from land expropriation, forcible evictions, and home demolition in advance of high-profile sporting events may have made some communities vulnerable to trafficking. Police reportedly conduct sweeps to remove homeless persons and subsequently place them in agricultural work or domestic servitude at the residences of law enforcement-connected families. Families living in poverty often compel children to serve as porters in local marketplaces. Workers in the construction sector and at small-scale sericulture operations are vulnerable to forced labor. Turkmenistan’s small stateless population—primarily consisting of undocumented residents with expired Soviet nationality documentation—are vulnerable to trafficking. Criminalization of consensual sexual intercourse between men makes some members of Turkmenistan’s LGBTQI+ communities vulnerable to police abuse, extortion, and coercion into informant roles; widespread social stigma and discrimination against LGBTQI+ individuals also compound their vulnerability to family-brokered forced marriages that may feature corollary sex trafficking or forced labor indicators. Residents of rural areas in Turkmenistan are at highest risk of becoming trafficking victims, both within the country and abroad. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/turkmenistan/

As the economic situation continued to spiral into critical deterioration, more than 5.6 million Venezuelans have fled Venezuela to neighboring countries. Traffickers have exploited Venezuelan victims in Aruba, The Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Haiti, Iceland, Macau, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Spain, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Venezuelan women and girls were particularly vulnerable to sex trafficking in Colombia, Ecuador, and Trinidad and Tobago. In 2020, 23 percent of victims identified in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo were Venezuelan. In 2019, Spanish authorities reported that Venezuela was the number one source country for victims exploited in Spain. In 2019, NGOs noted an increase in cases of sex trafficking and forced labor in domestic service and, in 2020, an increase in cases of sex trafficking and forced labor in the mining sector within the country. Traffickers increasingly exploit Venezuelan men in forced labor in other countries, including Aruba and Curacao. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/venezuela/

Daftar dan data ini disusun dari perdagangan manusia 2021 Departemen Luar Negeri AS

Dalam Laporan Orang.Laporan ini dapat dilihat dengan mengunjungi www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report.www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report.